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1.
Braz. j. infect. dis ; 20(6): 599-604, Nov.-Dec. 2016. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-828155

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Background/objective: There is an increasing number of older patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection due to the success of antiretroviral therapy, the improved prognosis and life expectancy of patients, and the higher number of new infections among older individuals. The main objective of the present study was to compare the characteristics of older human immunodeficiency virus patients with those of younger patients. Materials and methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study with human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients who were treated at the Specialized Care Service (Serviço de Assistência Especializada) for human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS in the city of Pelotas, South Brazil. Sociodemographic information as well as data on human immunodeficiency virus infection and treatment were collected. All participants underwent psychiatric and neurocognitive assessments, and their adherence to antiretroviral therapy was evaluated. Results: A total of 392 patients participated in the study, with 114 patients aged 50 years and older. The characteristics showing significant differences between older and younger human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients included race/ethnicity, comorbidities, duration and adherence to antiretroviral therapy, currently undetectable viral load, and cognitive impairment. Compared to younger patients, older patients were at higher risk of exhibiting cognitive impairment [OR 2.28 (95% CI: 1.35-3.82, p = 0.002)] and of having increased adherence to antiretroviral therapy [OR 3.11 (95% CI: 1.67-5.79, p < 0.001)]. Conclusions: The prevalence of neurocognitive impairment remained high in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients despite antiretroviral therapy. In the present study, the prevalence of this type of impairment was significantly higher in patients aged ≥50 years, most likely due to aging, human immunodeficiency virus infection, and a possible synergistic effect between these factors. Despite this higher prevalence, older patients exhibited higher rates of adherence to antiretroviral therapy and of undetectable human immunodeficiency virus viral load.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Aging/physiology , AIDS Dementia Complex/physiopathology , AIDS Dementia Complex/drug therapy , Anti-HIV Agents/therapeutic use , Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active , Socioeconomic Factors , Cross-Sectional Studies , Age Factors , Viral Load , Medication Adherence
2.
Rev. chil. infectol ; 29(2): 217-220, abr. 2012. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-627235

ABSTRACT

We report a 43 years old HIV-1 infected male who developed a severe subacute neurological damage because of a progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy confirmed by PCR for JC virus. The patient was treated with antiretroviral therapy in adequate doses for CNS penetration and mirtazapine, an antidepressant inhibitor of serotonin receptors. His evolution during one year follow up has been favorable in both, clinically and images.


Se presenta el caso clínico de un paciente de sexo masculino, de 43 años portador de VIH que desarrolló un grave daño neurológico subagudo debido a una leucoencefalopatía multifocal progresiva diagnosticada mediante reacción de polimerasa en cadena de virus JC. El paciente fue tratado con terapia anti-retroviral de penetración eficiente al SNC y con mirtazapina, un antidepresivo inhibidor de los receptores de serotonina. Su evolución durante un año de seguimiento ha sido favorable tanto del punto de vista clínico como de imágenes.


Subject(s)
Adult , Humans , Male , AIDS Dementia Complex/drug therapy , Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active , Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic/therapeutic use , Leukoencephalopathy, Progressive Multifocal/drug therapy , Mianserin/analogs & derivatives , Drug Therapy, Combination/methods , Mianserin/therapeutic use , Treatment Outcome
3.
Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Säo Paulo ; 52(6): 305-310, Nov.-Dec. 2010. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-570729

ABSTRACT

Neurological disorders caused by Cytomegalovirus (CMV) in patients with Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) are rarely reported in the Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) period. The objective of this study was to describe the main clinical and laboratory features of patients with CMV-related neurological complications in HIV-infected patients admitted to a referral center in São Paulo, Brazil. CMV disease requires the identification of the virus in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Thirteen cases were identified between January, 2004 and December, 2008. The median age of patients was 38 years and nine (69 percent) were men. At admission all patients were aware of their HIV status and only four (31 percent) patients were on HAART. Patients who were not on antiretroviral therapy before admission received HAART while inpatients. CMV disease was the first AIDS-defining illness in eight (62 percent) patients. The neurologic syndromes identified were diffuse encephalitis (n = 7; 62 percent), polyradiculopathy (n = 7; 54 percent), focal encephalitis (rhombencephalitis) (n = 1; 8 percent), and ventriculo-encephalitis (n = 1; 8 percent). Seven (54 percent) patients presented extra-neural CMV disease and four (31 percent) had retinitis. The median of CD4+ T-cell count was 13 cells/µL (range: 1-124 cells/µL). Overall in-hospital mortality was 38 percent. Eight patients used ganciclovir or foscarnet (in-hospital mortality: 50 percent) and five patients used ganciclovir and foscarnet (in-hospital mortality: 20 percent). None of the patients fulfilled the diagnosis criteria of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. Four patients were lost to follow-up, and three patients presented immune recovery and discontinued secondary prophylaxis. Although infrequent, distinct neurological syndromes caused by CMV continue to cause high mortality among AIDS patients. Survival depends upon the use of effective antiviral therapy against CMV and the early introduction of HAART.


As complicações neurológicas causadas pelo Citomegalovírus (CMV) em pacientes com aids são raramente relatadas na era HAART. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever as principais características clínicas e laboratoriais de pacientes com complicações neurológicas associadas ao CMV em pacientes com aids admitidos em centro de referência em Sao Paulo, Brasil. A doença citomegálica precisou da identificação do vírus no líquor mediante a reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR). Treze casos foram identificados entre janeiro de 2004 e dezembro de 2008. A mediana da idade foi 38 anos e nove (69 por cento) eram homens. Na admissão, todos os pacientes sabiam do seu status sorológico para o HIV e apenas quatro (31 por cento) pacientes usavam HAART. A doença citomegálica foi a primeira doença definidora de aids em oito (62 por cento) pacientes. As síndromes neurológicas identificadas foram: encefalite difusa (n = 7; 62 por cento), polirradiculopatia (n = 7; 54 por cento), encefalite focal (romboencefalite) (n = 1; 8 por cento), e ventrículo-encefalite (n = 1; 8 por cento). Sete (54 por cento) pacientes apresentaram doença citomegálica fora do sistema nervoso e quatro (31 por cento) tiveram retinite. A mediana da contagem de células CD4+ foi 13 células/µL. A mortalidade global durante a internação foi 38 por cento. Oito pacientes usaram ganciclovir ou foscarnet (mortalidade: 50 por cento) e cinco pacientes usaram ganciclovir e foscarnet (mortalidade: 20 por cento). Nenhum paciente apresentou critérios diagnósticos da síndrome inflamatória de reconstituição imunológica. Quatro pacientes foram perdidos do acompanhamento ambulatorial e três pacientes apresentaram reconstituição imunológica e descontinuaram as profilaxias secundárias. Embora raras, as particulares síndromes neurológicas causadas pelo CMV continuam causando elevada mortalidade em pacientes com aids. A sobrevida depende do uso de terapia antiviral efetiva contra o CMV e a introdução oportuna do HAART.


Subject(s)
Adult , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , AIDS Dementia Complex/diagnosis , Cytomegalovirus Infections/diagnosis , AIDS Dementia Complex/drug therapy , Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active , Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use , Cytomegalovirus Infections/drug therapy , Foscarnet/therapeutic use , Ganciclovir/therapeutic use , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Tomography, X-Ray Computed
4.
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-22666

ABSTRACT

The era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has led to a considerable decline in the HIV disease progression rates and HIV-1-related opportunistic infections especially in developed countries. Unfortunately, antiretroviral treatment for almost 90 per cent of the HIV-infected population is not available because of cost concerns. Although a number of studies have shown uniform impact of HAART on disease progression, its effect on treating HIV infection of the brain and its manifestations, such as AIDS dementia complex (ADC), remains unclear. Along with the reasons why AIDS dementia complex continues to be a problem in the era of HAART, this review also discusses the changes in ADC patterns with HAART and its relevance in developing countries such as India. In addition, an overview of various biological, molecular and therapeutic aspects that may influence HIV dementia (HIV-D) is provided.


Subject(s)
AIDS Dementia Complex/drug therapy , Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active , HIV-1/physiology , Humans
5.
Bol. Hosp. San Juan de Dios ; 45(6): 383-93, nov.-dic. 1998. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-242740

ABSTRACT

En la infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH), la afección del sistema nervioso central (SNC) es muy común. El compromiso neurológico observado con mayor frecuencia es el complejo cognoscitivo motor, también llamado demencia asociada al SIDA. Este es provocado directamente por la infección del VIH y la respuesta secundaria del sistema inmune, específicamente del sistema monocito-macrofágico. Revisamos la patogénesis y presentamos las posibilidades terapéuticas actuales en el manejo de esta compleja enfermedad, dividiéndola en terapia antirretroviral, control de la inflamación asociada a la infección y fármacos protectores del SNC. El pilar fundamental del tratamiento son las drogas antirretrovirales. Dentro de éstas, la zidovudina (AZT) ha demostrado hasta ahora la mayor efectividad. Actualmente se emplean terapias combinadas, utilizando inhibidores de la transcriptasa reversa e inhibidores de proteasas. Dentro de estas asociaciones, la terapia triasociada es la de elección, ya que permite cambiar la condición de la enfermedad, desde un problema mortal, al de una situación crónica controlable. Se revisa la terapéutica enfocada a frenar la reacción inflamatoria nociva, producida por macrófagos y microglia infectados y las drogas utilizadas en la protección del sistema nervioso central


Subject(s)
Humans , AIDS Dementia Complex/drug therapy , Central Nervous System Infections/etiology , HIV Infections/complications , Central Nervous System Infections/drug therapy , Drug Combinations , Drug Interactions , Protease Inhibitors/administration & dosage , Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors/administration & dosage , Zidovudine/administration & dosage
6.
J. bras. psiquiatr ; 46(7): 377-83, jul. 1997. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-198190

ABSTRACT

Os psicoestimulantes vêm sendo empregados como potencializadores de drogas antidepressivas no tratamento de transtornos do humor refratários. Mesmo nao associados a antidepressivos, os estimulantes sao considerados úteis no paciente deprimido portador de doença física e no idoso deprimido apático, nos quais os antidepressivos encontram obstáculos, especialmente efeitos colaterais e longa latência para o início da açao terapêutica. Sao particularmente interessantes para o paciente deprimido portador de doença física crônica terminal, como a AIDS e o câncer, e para o deprimido portador de lesao encefálica residual. No transtorno de déficit de atenção e hiperatividade residual do adulto, os psicoestimulantes sao indicados. Pacientes com transtornos do humor relacionados ao complexo demencial da AIDS também parecem beneficiar-se de terapêutica com psicoestimulante. Em casos da síndrome de fadiga crônica, psicoestimulantes também têm sido considerados úteis


Subject(s)
Humans , Amphetamines/pharmacokinetics , Amphetamines/therapeutic use , AIDS Dementia Complex/drug therapy , Depression/drug therapy , Dextroamphetamine/pharmacokinetics , Dextroamphetamine/therapeutic use , Mental Disorders/drug therapy , Methylphenidate/pharmacokinetics , Methylphenidate/therapeutic use , Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic/drug therapy
7.
Bol. Hosp. San Juan de Dios ; 40(2): 73-9, mar.-abr. 1993. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-119785

ABSTRACT

La población seropositiva para el VIH presenta con alta frecuencia alteraciones neurológicas clínicas. La casi totalidad de las estructuras del SNC son vulnerables al virus. El complejo de deterioro cognoscitivo/motor asociado a VIH es una entidad de alta prevalencia, bien caracterizada desde el punto de vista clínico y neuropatológico. No obstante, los exámenes de laboratorio actualmente disponibles no son específicos de esta entidad, sino sólo orientadores del diagnóstico. Como medida profiláctica se han empleado, sobre bases teóricas, los antagonistas de los receptores N-methyl-D-aspartato; se requiere aún de estudios clínicos para confirmar su eficacia. Los mejores resultados terapéuticos se han obtenido con el uso de la cidovudina (AZT), aún cuando su efecto es transitorio


Subject(s)
Humans , AIDS Dementia Complex/diagnosis , N-Methylaspartate/therapeutic use , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/complications , AIDS Dementia Complex/drug therapy , HIV Seropositivity/complications
8.
Rev. neurol. Argent ; 18(3): 88-104, 1993. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-125862

ABSTRACT

El compromiso del sistema nervioso en el SIDA puede producirse por dos mecanismos: a)como consecuencia de la inmunodepresión, por la que se genera la invasión de gérmenes oportunistas o neoplasias y b)por acción viral directa sobre las estructuras neurales. La acción viral directa sería el factor causal de la meningitis aséptica (observada durante el período de seroconversión) y de los trastornos cognitivos, motores y conductales (complejo SIDA-demencia) y la mielopatía observadas en el estadio lV del CDC. La agresión sobre la mielina de estructura subcorticales, tronco cerebral, cerebelo y médula constituirían el substrato anatomopatológico de estas manifestaciones tardías. Los cuadros más comunes vinculados a oportunistas son las encefalitis a citomegalovirus y herpéticas, la leucoencefalopatía multifocal progresiva, los cuadros focales secundarios o toxoplasmosis o tuberculomas y la meningitis criptocóccica. El tumor más común es el linfoma primario de cerebro, observándose con menos frecuencia la invasión por linfoma no Hodgkin o por el sarcoma de Kaposi. Las complicaciones neuromusculares son relativamente frecuentes tanto en el estadio asintomático como en el SIDA. El síndrome de Guillan Barré, observado especialmente durante la seroconversión, así como la polineuropatía inflamatoria desmielinizante crónica y la mononeuropatía múltiple observadas en el estadio asintomático son frecuentemente reportadas y no se diferencian esencialmente de cuadros similares en sujetos seronegativos. En el estadio lV del CDC es habitualmente observada la polineuropatía sensitiva distal, a la que puede asignársele valor de mercado evolutivo. La poliomiositis es el síndrome muscular más frecuente, siendo menos documentados la atrofia selectiva de fibras tipo ll y la miopatía nemalínica


Subject(s)
Humans , AIDS Dementia Complex/physiopathology , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/complications , Polyradiculoneuropathy/diagnosis , Polyradiculoneuropathy/etiology , Toxoplasmosis/diagnosis , Toxoplasmosis/physiopathology , Toxoplasmosis/drug therapy , AIDS Dementia Complex/pathology , AIDS Dementia Complex/drug therapy , Cryptococcosis/diagnosis , Cryptococcosis/physiopathology , Cryptococcosis/drug therapy , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/cerebrospinal fluid
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